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Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace 

DIVISION  OF  INTERCOURSE  AND  EDUCATION 

Publication  No.   2 


GERMAN  INTERNATIONAL  PROGRESS 

IN   191 


REPORT  ol    .  s^HR  HP    WILHF^  vt  P\q7r<rnwSKI 


PUBLISHEI  MDOWMENT 

WASHING!  ~     r 

1914 


Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace 

DIVISION  OF  INTERCOURSE  AND  EDUCATION 

Publication   No.   2 


GERMAN  INTERNATIONAL  PROGRESS 

IN  1913 


REPORT  OF  PROFESSOR  DR.  WILHELM  PASZKOWSKI 

BERLIN 
Special  Correspondent  of  the  Division 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  ENDOWMENT 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

1914 


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PREFACE 

This  report  by  Professor  Wilhelm  Paszkowski  typifies  the  sort  of  accurate 
and  detailed  information  that  is  constantly  received  by  the  Division  of  Inter- 
course and  Education  from  its  various  foreign  correspondents.  Through  these 
correspondents  the  Division  is  thus  kept  in  touch  with  important  movements 
of  opinion,  international  in  kind  or  in  effect,  in  various  parts  of  the  world  and  is 
enabled  promptly  to  take  such  action  or  to  initiate  such  policies  as  will  be  help- 
ful and  beneficial. 

The  significant  fact  in  Professor  Paszkowski's  report  is  that  there  are 
numerous  and  many  sided  intellectual  forces  at  work  to  bind  the  German  people 
in  constantly  closer  friendship  with  the  other  nations  of  the  world.  German 
trade  and  German  commerce  are  represented  in  every  land  and  on  every  sea. 
German  scholarship  and  German  science  are  represented  wherever  men  and' 
women  of  intelligence  gather  together.  It  is  therefore  but  natural  that  through 
the  cooperation  of  universities  and  university  teachers,  of  scientific  and  literary 
associations,  and  of  stated  periodical  publications  the  culture  and  the  ideals  of 
German  civilization  should  be  made  more  widely  known  to  the  rest  of  the  world, 
and  that,  in  turn  and  in  similar  fashion,  the  history  and  institutions  of  other 
peoples  should  be  made  plain  to  the  German  people. 

Doubtless  to  many  readers  the  detailed  information  given  by  Professor 
Paszkowski  will  come  as  a  revelation  and  will  cause  surprise.  It  is  not  gen- 
erally known  how  keen  and  how  wide  spread  is  German  interest  in  the  new 
international  movement  for  friendship  and  sympathy,  and  for  international 
cooperation  based  upon  intellectual  and  ethical  grounds  and  implying  a  constantly 
increasing  mutual  understanding. 

Nicholas  Murray  Butler, 

Acting  Director 

January  25,  1^14 


327050 


German  International  Progress  in  1913 

Report  of  Professor  Dr.  Paszkowski 


To  THE  Trustees  of  the  Carnegie 

Endowment  for  International  Peace: 

In  spite  of  the  fact  that  our  activity  for  the  past  year  has  suffered  under 
the  pressure  of  the  Balkan  complications,  and  that  the  most  abominable  of  all 
wars  has  challenged  the  interest  of  the  entire  world,  nevertheless  the  pacific  work 
looking  toward  conciliation  among  the  great  nations  was  not  disturbed;  but,  as 
will  be  shown  later,  it  has  been  made  most  obvious  that  a  good  understanding 
exists  among  the  great  powers.  This  war,  with  all  its  indescribable  atrocities, 
has,  as  justly  stated  by  Mr.  Fried,  the  value  of  an  anatomic  chart  for  the  peace 
propaganda,  making  possible  the  study  of  the  most  pronounced  phases  of  the 
disease  which  the  peace  movement  combats,  and  seeks  to  prevent.  But  above 
all,  as  will  be  shown  further  on,  this  war  has  essentially  contributed  to  concilia- 
tion between  England  and  Germany. 

The  second  matter  which  has  given  rise  to  much  discussion,  coming  within 
the  report  of  events  of  the  past  year,  was  the  twenty-fifth  jubilee  of  the  pacific 
administration  of  the  German  Emperor,  which  has  met  with  an  especially  friendly 
echo  in  America.  Most  eloquently  expressed  is  the  address  of  Andrew  Carnegie 
to  the  German  Emperor,  which  has  aroused  much  comment. 

The  submission  of  the  new  army  bill,  providing  for  an  increase  of  the 
German  army  to  about  800,000  men,  had  a  disquieting  effect  upon  the  peace 
festivities  which  took  place  during  this  memorable  year.  Yet,  because  of  the 
Balkan  perplexities,  and  also  because  of  its  historical  memories,  and  its  unfa- 
vorable geographic  situation,  the  German  nation  was  soon  converted  to  resolute 
action  in  the  matter  of  this  bill ;  nay,  it  is  true  that  never  before  has  an  extraor- 
dinary demand  of  the  government  for  strengthening  the  army  met  with  such 
unanimous  popular  approval.  In  view  of  this,  the  Reichstag  saw  its  course  clear 
before  it,  and  by  unremitting  labor,  especially  in  the  tedious  and  difficult  discus- 
sions of  its  budgetary  commission,  it  followed  it  up  to  the  end.  The  Imperial 
Government  has  seen  the  complete  army  bill  become  law. 

How  to  meet  the  expenses  of  this  military  increase  was  a  far  more  difficult 
problem  than  the  passage  of  the  army  bill  itself.  But  here  again  the  Reichstag 
enjoyed  the  firm  and  calm  support  of  a  self  sacrificing  people.     The  idea  of  a 


contribution  for  defense  met  with  almost  unanimous  approval.  German  history 
was  cited  to  good  purpose.  Everywhere  the  people  resolved  to  follow  the  example 
of  their  forefathers  even  to  the  point  of  surrendering  their  material  possessions. 

Although  the  Reichstag  did  not  vote  the  proposals  of  the  government  to 
meet  the  current  expenses,  yet  the  essence  of  the  compromise  for  the  taxation  of 
property  has  its  root  in  the  governmental  project.  From  the  viewpoint  of  the  indi- 
vidual states,  great  hesitation  and  doubt  were  expressed  with  regard  to  the  deci- 
sions of  the  Reichstag.  But  in  view  of  the  magnitude  of  the  problem,  the  states 
gave  way  and  approved  the  decisions. 

Soon  after  the  presentation  of  the  army  bill  came  the  disquieting  disclosures 
of  Deputy  Liebknecht  regarding  the  widely  discussed  acts  of  the  Krupp  cannon 
manufacturers.  On  the  occasion  of  the  general  politico-military  discussion  of  the 
army  bill,  April  18,  1913,  he  made  the  following  disclosures :  the  Krupp  firm  of 
Essen,  so  stated  Deputy  Liebknecht,  had  maintained  in  Berlin,  until  recently, 
an  agent  named  Brandt,  a  former  gunner,  who  had  been  commissioned  to  bribe 
the  officials  of  the  military  and  naval  administrations  in  order  to  secure  documents, 
the  contents  of  which  interested  the  firm ;  that  the  latter  wished,  in  this  way, 
to  get  possession  of  military  secrets,  and  to  anticipate  competition;  that  this  state 
of  affairs  had  existed  for  years;  that  a  man  by  the  name  of  von  Dewitz,  a  high 
official  of  the  Krupp  concern,  has  or  had  control  over  these  secret  reports  of 
German  authorities.  The  press  in  all  countries  has  seized  upon  this  incident,, 
making  a  mountain  out  of  a  molehill,  and  has  sought  to  make  it  appear  in  the  light 
of  a  Panama  canal  scandal.  With  laudable  swiftness  and  publicity  the  case  was 
brought  before  the  courts  and  it  was  found  that  three  non-commissioned  officers 
and  a  subaltern  employe  had  been  guilty  of  accepting  small  amounts  of  money 
and  the  payment  of  cafe  bills  for  communicating  certain  information.  In  this 
judicial  sentence,  it  is  justly  declared  that  "this  is  no  Panama." 

Three  non-commissioned  officers  and  a  subaltern  employe!  What  can  that 
mean  in  an  army  of  over  500,000  men?  But  the  word  "Panama"  had  been  pro- 
nounced and  it  was  to  the  greatest  interest  of  the  military  administration  to- 
conduct  this  case  as  openly  as  possible  in  order  to  expunge  the  significance  of  the 
word.  This  has  been  done.  That  these  matters  should  have  been  spread  far 
and  wide  is  an  injury  to  the  military  administration.  The  accused  are  to  blame 
for  these  injuries.  In  spite  of  the  fortunate  issue  of  the  court  action,  the  reputa- 
tion of  the  military  administration  has  been  greatly  harmed.  The  accused  have 
been  the  cause  thereof ;  this  is  true  of  all  accused,  not  alone  of  those  who  have 
"furnished  grist  to  the  mill  of  Deputy  Liebknecht." 

The  cultural  work  accomplished  in  the  course  of  the  year,  with  which  the 
present  report  is  to  deal,  extended  especially  to  the  relations  of  Germany  with 
America,  England  and  France;  but  related  to  general  national  conciliation' 
as  well. 


I. — Germany  and  America 

In  consequence  of  the  growing  success  which  has  attended  the  exchange  of 
professors  between  Germany  and  America,  Professors  WilHam  Milligan  Sloane, 
of  Columbia  University,  and  Charles  Sedgwick  Minot,  of  Harvard  University, 
came  to  the  University  of  Berlin,  the  former  as  Roosevelt  professor  of  American 
history  and  institutions.  The  impressive  inaugural  addresses  of  the  two  guests 
were  delivered  in  the  presence  of  the  German  Emperor  and  Empress,  in  the  new 
assembly  hall  of  Berlin  University;  and  again  it  has  been  remarked  how  much 
this  arrangement  has  contributed  to  friendly  and  conciliatory  intercourse  between 
America  and  Germany.  As  subject  of  his  lectures,  which  met  with  great  success. 
Professor  Sloane  chose  "The  American  Party  System,"  for  the  reason  that  this 
system  was  as  yet  little  understood  in  Germany.  He  showed  that  the  historical 
development  of  the  system  was  unavoidable;  that  it  is  peculiar  to  the  American, 
federal  system,  and  can  not  be  judged  from  the  European  political  viewpoint. 
He  set  forth  and  criticized  its  misuse,  and  dwelt  upon  its  merits.  At  greater 
length  he  returned  to  its  historical  development,  pointing  to  the  national  and  inter- 
state politics  which  had  gained  in  interest  and  completely  overshadowed  the  local, 
municipal,  and  even  state  politics.  As  the  most  interesting  result  of  the  American 
party  system,  he  emphasized  the  equity  of  the  resultant  general  governmental 
policy,  which,  through  the  many  phases  and  changes  of  the  party  system,  has 
remained  uninterruptedly  the  same.  ^ 

In  addition  to  his  lectures  before  the  university.  Professor  Sloane  delivered 
in  many  other  educational  centers  a  large  number  of  special  lectures  upon  the 
history  of  American  political  life.  He  visited  at  least  thirty  cities,  where  he 
delivered  with  great  success  all  these  lectures,  which  were  largely  attended.  The 
lectures  delivered  by  Professor  Sloane  before  the  university  have  been  published 
in  the-tjerman  language  under  the  title  "Party  Government  in  the  United  States 
of  America,  its  Development  and  Status"  (Leipzig;  Kohler,  1913). 

Professor  Charles  Sedgwick  Minot  spoke  about  "The  Results  of  American 
Research  in  the  Field  of  Anatomy  and  Biology."  Into  his  purely  scientific  expo- 
sitions he  introduced  data  concerning  the  investigators  whose  achievements  he 
considered,  and  descriptions  of  special  laboratories,  so  that  the  audience  could  get 
a  complete  survey  of  the  results  achieved  in  this  special  field  in  America.  Apart 
from  these  purely  scientific  lectures.  Professor  Minot  oflfered  a  series  of  lectures 
intended  for  the  larger  public,  with  the  general  title,  "Man  in  His  Relations  to- 
Nature,"  in  which  he  treated  of  the  processes  of  human  development  and  the 
peculiarities  of  man's  organism,  with  special  reference  to  his  adaptability  to  the. 
conditions  of  his  existence.     These  lectures  also  were  of  far  reaching  interest.  • 

The  Amerika-histitut  with  its  extensive  library,  the  official  academic  infor-^ 
mation  bureau  of  the  university,  and  the  Roosevelt  room  with  its  special  library 


for  the  history  of  the  American  constitution  and  American  institutions,  w6re 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  American  visitors  to  the  University  of  Berlin. 

The  German  press,  which  always  takes  great  interest  in  German-American 
cultural  relations,  was  kept  informed  by  the  writer  of  all  current  events.  The 
German-American  correspondence,  furnished  by  Dr.  Rudolf  Tombo,  Sr.,  of 
New  York,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Carnegie  Endowment,  was  forwarded  every 
week  to  a  large  number  of  leading  newspapers.  It  was  widely  referred  to  by 
most  of  them.  In  this  way,  large  numbers  of  people  became  acquainted  with 
American  educational  methods  and  with  the  American  system  of  instruction  and 
its  representative  institutions,  so  much  admired  in  Europe.  Information  con- 
cerning important  political  matters  of  international  interest,  regularly  obtained 
from  newspaper  clippings  forwarded  by  the  New  York  bureau  of  the  Carnegie 
Endowment,  was  regularly  transmitted  to  the  German  press. 

In  addition  to  the  exchange  professors  of  the  year,  a  number  of  other  speak- 
ers came  opportunely  from  America  to  Germany  and  contributed  to  strengthen 
the  friendly  ties  between  the  two  peoples.  Among  these  was  Professor  John 
F.  Coar  who  under  the  auspices  of  the  Germanistic  Society  of  America  gave  a 
series  of  addresses  before  German  universities  and  various  scientific  organiza- 
tions, in  which  he  set  forth  the  ethical  forces  at  work  in  American  life.  The 
addresses  of  Professor  Coar  were  everywhere  received  with  great  cordiality. 
One  of  his  principal  addresses,  Wollen  und  Konnen  in  Amerika,  was  published 
in  full  in  the  Berliner  Akademischen  Nachrichten,  which  has  a  circulation  of 
more  than  12,000  copies. 

The  Wheeler-Gesellschaft  was  established  at  Berlin  as  a  result  of  the  activi- 
ties of  President  Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler  of  California,  who  was  the  incumbent 
of  the  Roosevelt  professorship  in  1909-1910.  Its  object  is  to  make  a  comparative 
study  of  the  educational  methods  of  the  various  civilized  countries.  It  held 
monthly  meetings  during  the  year  just  past,  at  which  educational  questions  were 
thoroughly  discussed.  During  May,  1913,  President  Wheeler  honored  the  society 
with  a  visit.  He  delivered  an  address  upon  "Progress  of  American  Education," 
which  was  cordially  received.  Having  received  a  considerable  subvention  from 
Adolphus  Busch  of  St.  Louis,  who  took  great  interest  in  the  relations  between 
Germany  and  America,  the  society  is  just  beginning  to  publish  its  reports  and 
more  important  transactions.  The  efforts  of  this  society  will  doubtless,  through 
its  publications,  stimulate  further  discussion  and  in  a  way  contribute  to  a  better 
understanding  between  the  nations. 

A  happy  symptom  for  the  promotion  of  friendly  relations  between  German 
and  American  churches  is  seen  in  the  establishment  of  a  theological  American 
library  at  Marburg,  founded  in  the  beginning  of  1913,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Prussian  Ministry  of  Public  Worship  and  of  a  German-American  benefactor. 

The  promotion  of  German-South  American  relations  has  also  been  furthered 

4 


by  the  creation  at  Bonn,  December  9,  1912,  of  a  German-South  American  insti- 
tute upon  the  initiative  of  representatives  of  science,  commerce  and  industry  of 
the  Rhenish  Society  for  Scientific  Research.  It  is  the  object  of  this  institute  to 
further  in  a  systematic  manner  the  numerous  and  swiftly  unfolding  intellectual 
relations,  bearing  upon  economic  or  scientific  objects,  between  Germany  and  the 
countries  of  South  America. 

The  institute  seeks  to  attain  its  aims  by — 

(a)  The  regular  publication  of  communications  (in  German,  Spanish, 
and  Portuguese),  of  a  directory  for  the  several  countries,  systematically 
classified  by  professions,  and  of  books  of  general  information  ; 

(b)  Exchange  of  the  publications  of  its  members,  and  especially  be- 
tween the  latter  and  other  authorities,  institutes  and  societies,  etc.,  which 
issue  regular  publications; 

(c)  Preparation  of  Spanish,  Portuguese  and  German  editions  of  appro- 
priate works  which  deal  with  the  sciences  and  arts; 

(d)  Maintenance  of  information  bureaus  and  reading  rooms  for  study 
of  science  in  Germany  and  in  South  America. 

The  proceedings  and  the  Address-Buch  are  sent  gratis  to  all  the  members 
of  the  institute,  and  the  use  of  the  information  bureau  is  also  at  their  disposal 
free  of  charge;  other  publications  may  be  had  at  cost  price.  The  annual  mem- 
bership fee  is  M.  10,  so  that  collaboration  in  Germany  and  South  America 
may  be  expected  to  become  very  large.  In  order  to  bring  into  closer  contact 
with  each  other  those  members  whose  interests  are  more  especially  directed  to 
this  or  that  region  of  South  America,  or  who  follow  a  special  professional  line 
of  work,  regional  and  professional  sections  will  be  formed.  Regional  sections 
formed  to  date  deal  separately  with  Argentina,  Bolivia,  Brazil,  Central  America, 
Chile,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  Mexico,  Paraguay,  Peru,  Uruguay,  and  Venezuela; 
there  are  professional  sections  dealing  with  the  juridical  and  political  sciences, 
political  economy,  commerce  and  finance;  technique  and  industry;  agriculture; 
geology ;  mines  and  iron  foundries ;  geography  and  biological  sciences ;  exact 
natural  sciences  and  mathematics;  military  science;  education  and  languages; 
literature  and  the  press;  art  and  architecture;  history  and  archeology.  Each 
member  belongs  to  at  least  one  regional  and  one  professional  section. 

The  managing  board  of  the  institute  is  composed  of  Privy  Councilor  Pro- 
fessor Steinmann,  Bonn;  chairman,  Professor  Gast,  Aix-la-Chapelle ;  provi- 
sional business  directors:  Professor  Philipp,  Schneidemiihl ;  Professor  Sievers, 
Giessen;  Schiiler,  Brussels;  and  Dr.  Stopel,  Heidelberg. 

The  board  of  directors  is  composed  of  Privy  Councilor  Professor  Borchers, 
Aix-la-Chapelle;  Privy  Councilor  Delius,  Aix-la-Chapelle;  Councilor  of  Com- 


merce  Hagen,  Cologne;  Dr.  de  Oliveira  Lima,  Brazilian  ambassador  (Brussels);. 
President  of  the  Privy  Council,  Dr.  v.  Sandt,  Aix-la-Chapelle ;  Dr.  and  Engi- 
neer Schneidewindt,  Buenos  Aires ;  Dr.  and  Engineer  Schrodter,  Chairman  of 
the  Association  of  Steel  Establishments,  Diisseldorf ;  Consul  Stubenrauch,  Punta 
Arenas;  and  one  representative  each  of  the  German- Argentine  Central  Union 
and  the  German-South  American  Society  of  Berlin. 

II. — Germany  and  England 

In  1912  there  was  an  active  exchange  of  official  amenities  between  Germany 
and  England,  which  received  fresh  impetus  during  the  present  year.  It  has 
already  been  pointed  out  that  the  Balkan  complications  had  led  to  a  common 
political  activity  between  England  and  Germany.  A  large  number  of  other  inci- 
dents contributed  also  to  a  considerable  improvement  in  their  mutual  relations; 
for  instance:  the  address  of  Emperor  Wilhelm  >on  June  25,  1913,  when  he 
accepted  the  Cumberland  cup,  saying,  "This  is  a  visible  pledge  of  the  natural 
and  valuable  friendship  between  Great  Britain  and  Germany."  A  few  days 
later.  Lord  Chancellor  Haldane  said,  on  the  occasion  of  a  banquet  in  the  interest 
of  the  German  hospital,  "that  Germany  and  England  had  a  common  responsi- 
bility to  make  the  world  better."  Sir  Frank  Lascelles,  formerly  English  ambas- 
sador to  Berlin,  when  speaking  in  Burton-on-Trent,  stated  that  the  German- 
English  conciliation  is  making  daily  progress ;  that  it  was  impossible  to  believe 
that  Germany  and  England  could  ever  go  to  war  with  each  other. 

It  is  the  object  of  the  German-English  Church  committee,  which  was  founded 
in  1909,  to  clear  up  and  remove  misunderstandings  appearing  in  English  and 
German  church  publications,  and  to  report  the  results  of  the  peace  work  and 
the  successes  of  the  English  sister  committee  in  Germany.  By  mutual  consent 
of  the  allied  organizations  in  England  and  in  Germany,  the  committee  called  a 
German-English  Conciliation  Conference  in  London.  This  Conference  was  made 
significant  by  the  expositions  of  Professor  Dr.  Rathgen,  of  Hamburg,  who  showed 
that  German  commerce  had  made  important  progress  since  the  establishment  of 
the  German  Empire,  and  that  in  the  meanwhile  English  commerce  had  also  con- 
siderably grown.  German  exportations  from  1890  to  1911  had  increased  M.  55 
per  capita,  while  British  exportations  during  the  same  period  had  increased  about 
M.  60  per  capita.  This  fact  shows  the  necessity  and  the  advantage  of  competition ; 
and  Dr.  Rathgen  closed  his  address  by  saying  that  all  parties  interested  would 
be  better  off  if  they  should  recognize  the  necessity  of  competition  resting  on: 
natural  causes.  The  report  of  the  German-English  Conciliation  Conference  in 
London  appeared  in  English  and  in  German  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  1913. 
Everyone  interested  in  the  special  problems  of  the  work  for  conciliation  should 
read  this  report.  As  a  record  of  its  active  endeavors,  the  German-English 
Church  committee  has  during  the  past  year  founded  a  publication  which  appears 


under  the  title  of  Die  Eiche,  and  forms  a  sort  of  companion  piece  to  the  widely- 
read  English  Peacemaker.  It  is  a  special  pleasure  to  state  that  Andrew  Carnegie 
has  made  a  large  contribution  to  the  former  publication.  Among  the  many  instruct- 
ive articles  appearing  in  this  paper,  special  reference  should  be  made  to  the  con- 
tribution of  Dr.  Dryander,  upon  Germany  and  England.  Also  to  an  essay  of  the 
publisher,  Friedrich  Sieg^und  Schultze,  upon  Peace  and  Missionary  Work,  re- 
producing the  noteworthy  address  of  Mr.  J.  Oldham,  General  Secretary  of  the 
Continuation  Committee,  delivered  April  29,  in  the  Bremen  cathedral  on  the 
occasion  of  the  Continental  Mission  Conference.  Reference  should  be  made 
also  to  the  article  of  Dr.  Umfrid,  entitled  German-English  Naval  Rivalry. 
In  this  article  it  is  stated  that  "the  danger  of  a  world  conflagration  can  be  over- 
come only  when  the  nations  of  Europe,  or  at  least  the  most  powerful  of  them, 
agree  to  a  military  and  naval  convention,  by  virtue  of  which  they  will  assist  one 
another  in  case  one  of  them  should  be  attacked  by  another.  The  relaxation  fol- 
lowing so  closely  upon  the  uneasiness  that  was  felt  in  Germany  and  in  England 
in  the  year  1911  has  had  a  salutary  effect  upon  the  people  on  both  sides  of 
the  channel.  But  it  is  even  more  pleasing  to  remember  that  during  the  Balkan 
complications  German  and  English  diplomatists  have  worked  together  harmo- 
niously for  the  maintenance  of  European  peace.  A  climax  in  these  friendly 
relations  would  be  reached,  if  German  and  English  statesmen  should  succeed  in 
bridging  the  gulf  between  the  triple  alliance  and  the  triple  entente,  in  such 
manner  that  England  would  pledge  itself  by  treaty  to  come  to  the  help  of  the 
German  people,  if  the  latter  were  attacked  on  the  sea  by  any  other  power;  Ger- 
many would,  of  course,  be  expected  to  reciprocate  in  such  an  arrangement.  If 
that  were  effected,  then  the  'naval  holiday'  proposed  by  Churchill  could  be  begun 
and  be  turned  into  a  real  jubilee  year." 

The  new  German  ambassador  to  London,  Prince  Lichnowsky,  has  no  doubt 
had  a  large  part  in  the  improvement  of  German-English  relations.  At  the  birth- 
day celebration  of  the  Emperor  in  London,  he  made  clear  in  his  address  that 
the  government  of  the  German  Emperor  considers  it  its  paramount  duty  to  work 
in  common  with  the  friendly  British  government  for  the  preservation  of  Euro- 
pean peace.  Mr.  von  Jagow,  the  new  Secretary  for  Foreign  Affairs,  saw  nothing 
but  favorable  symptoms  in  the  condition  of  political  relations  with  England; 
he  stated  that  the  intimate  basis  on  which  we  have  constantly  cooperated  with 
the  English  government  has  considerably  contributed  to  obviate  many  difficulties 
which  had  arisen  within  the  last  months  (the  months  of  the  Balkan  complica- 
tions). We  now  realize  that  we  have  not  only  points  of  contact  with  England 
that  are  of  a  sentimental  nature,  but  that  identical  interests  exist  between  the  two 
countries. 

The  statement  of  Mr.  von  Tirpitz,  Secretary  of  the  Imperial  Marine  Ad- 
ministration, likewise  made  a  deep  impression:   "Mr.    Churchill,    the    English 


Secretary  of  the  Navy,  has  explained  that  the  present  ratio  between  English 
and  German  dreadnoughts  is  as  sixteen  to  ten.  In  my  judgment,  this  ratio  is 
a  proper  one  for  the  battle  fleets.  It  shows  that  we  have  no  idea  of  entering  into 
•competition  with  England.  We  can  have  no  thought  of  showing  ourselves 
aggressive  toward  England,  for  the  reason  that  such  a  course  of  action  would 
necessitate  on  our  part  an  essential  superiority.  We  have  always  been  empha- 
sizing the  fact  that  we  do  not  intend  to  build  as  large  a  fleet  as  the  English."  It  is 
noteworthy,  at  all  events,  that  Germany  accepts  the  ratio  between  its  own  fleet  and 
that  of  England,  and  thereby  assents  to  the  proposition  of  Churchill.  This 
understanding  is  the  most  significant  indication  of  the  improvement  of  political 
relations  between  the  two  countries.  Even  Prime  Minister  Asquith  declared  at 
the  reconvening  of  the  English  Parliament:  "In  all  sincerity  we  have  been  co- 
operating with  Germany,  and  this  cooperation  has  led  to  mutual  faith  and 
■confidence." 

It  is  true,  as  stated  in  Die  Eiche,  Volume  I,  No.  2,  April,  1913,  that  these 
new  political  conditions  are  the  direct  result  of  the  Balkan  war.  The  war 
marked  out  entirely  new  lines  of  action  in  European  politics,  which  have  hitherto 
been  controlled  by  the  opposing  policies  between  Germany  and  England.  In  the 
second  place,  it  has  shown  that  these  two  nations  have  a  real  community  of 
interests.  It  appears  perfectly  clear  that  the  maintenance  of  peace  is  of  vital  in- 
terest to  the  two  powers.  At  the  same  time,  it  has  also  been  shown  that  both  have 
a  common  opponent.  It  was  incumbent  upon  both  to  put  an  end  to  the  onward 
march  of  the  Slavs  to  the  Bosphorus,  which  would  remove  German  influence 
from  the  Balkans.  In  consequence,  as  explained  by  Mr.  Asquith,  the  long  wished 
for  relations  of  confidence  have  resulted  from  this  common  work.  Finally,  we 
would  refer  to  the  friendly  reception  accorded  the  British  Council  by  the  German 
Emperor  on  the  occasion  of  the  celebration  of  the  anniversary  of  the  twenty- 
fifth  year  of  his  reign.  After  the  Council's  delegate.  Rev.  Bishop  Boyd  Car- 
penter, had  handed  the  congratulatory  address  to  the  Emperor,  the  latter  replied 
in  the  following  words:  "I  have  great  pleasure  in  receiving  your  deputation, 
and  wish  to  assure  you  that  I  shall  continue  to  exert  my  very  best  efforts  in 
order  to  maintain  peace  and  to  promote  the  cordial  relations  existing  between 
<jermany  and  England." 

Aside  from  these  many  efforts  toward  a  better  understanding  within  the 
field  of  politics,  there  are  a  number  of  other  influences  exerted  by  private  agen- 
cies, especially  the  exchange  visits  between  British  and  German  workingmen's 
unions.  The  beginning  of  these  visits  dates  back  to  the  year  1902,  when  Herbert 
Stead,  the  pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  in  London,  made  a  visit  to  the 
Rhenish  provinces,  accompanied  by  one  hundred  men  and  women  of  his  adult 
■school.  For  some  years  past  the  National  Council  has  appointed  to  these  adult 
;schools   a   special  committee  for  International  Conciliation,  continuing  its  visits 

8 


systematically  every  year.  This  year,  the  committee  is  preparing  to  make  a  visit 
to  Hamburg  and  Berlin.  With  regard  to  last  year's  visit  of  English  students 
to  Germany,  a  report  in  English,  "The  Visit  of  Members  of  the  English  Univer- 
sities to  Germany,"  was  published  at  Cambridge,  1913,  giving  new  life  to  the 
old  truism:   "To  come  to  know  one  another  means  to  esteem  one  another." 

III. — Germany  and  France 

For  the  improvement  of  Franco-German  relations,  a  number  of  projects 
have  been  carried  out.  The  Journal  d'Allemagne  organized  a  number  of 
visits  by  groups  of  Frenchmen.  During  the  past  year,  nearly  2,000  French- 
men came  to  Berlin ;  they  were  given  a  cordial  welcome,  and  under  the 
guidance  of  a  special  committee  visited  the  municipal  institutions. 

The  well  known  German  impresario,  Max  Reinhardt,  with  the  assistance  of 
the  actors  of  the  German  theater,  arranged  in  Paris  a  most  successful  series  of 
theatrical  performances  and  was  warmly  praised  by  French  artists. 

Baron  d'Estournelles  de  Constant,  who  for  many  years  has  actively  exerted 
himself  to  bring  about  friendly  relations  between  Germany  and  France,  delivered,, 
in  October,  1912,  an  impressive  address  upon  the  "Possibility  for  Improving 
Franco-German  Relations,"  at  the  Heidelberg  Conference  of  the  Verband  fiir 
Internationale  Verstdndigung.  This  address  has  been  translated  into  German,, 
and  100,000  copies  were  printed  and  circulated  in  Germany.  In  this  connection,, 
reference  should  be  made  also  to  the  book  of  Baron  d'Estournelles  de  Constant,, 
Les  £tats-Unis,  which  is  now  being  translated  into  German. 


In  general,  international  relations  between  all  civilized  peoples  made  progress 
during  the  past  year.  This  progress  was  brought  about  largely  through  the 
Verband  fiir  Internationale  Verstdndigung,  mainly  composed  of  university  men, 
which  is  striving  to  build  a  rational  basis  for  international  political  and  economic 
relations.  Since  last  year  the  Verband  has  been  issuing  a  series  of  pamphlets,  of 
which  eight  numbers  have  so  far  appeared: 

No.  1.     The  International  Mind,  by  Nicholas  Murray  Butler. 

No.  2,     Foreign  Policy  and  Public    Opinion,    by    Professor    Dr.    Otfried 

Nippold. 
No.  3.     The  Most  Important  Problem  of  International  Law,  by  Professor 

Walther  Schiicking. 
No.  4.     Contribution  of  the  Christian  Churches  to  International  Conciliation, 

by  Professor  Dr.  Martin  Rade. 
No.  5.     France  and  Germany,  by  Baron  d'Estournelles  de  Constant. 
No.  6.     Phases    of    International    Conciliation,   by    Professor   Dr.    Robert 

Piloty. 

9 


No.  7.  The  German  Nation  as  Affected  by  the  Popular  Development  of  the 
Peace  Idea,  by  Professor  Dr.  Martin  Spahn,  Strassburg. 

No.  8.  Regarding  Foreign  Affairs,  by  Professor  Dr.  Karl  Lamprecht, 
Leipzig. 

This  Verhand  also  publishes  for  the  use  of  newspapers  a  definite  correspond- 
«nce  which  treats  of  international  problems  in  concise  form;  for  instance,  in  No.  2 
there  appears  the  article  dealing  with  "The  Old  and  the  New  Hague  Arbitral 
Arrangement,"  by  Walther  Kloss;  and  another  dealing  with  "Psychology  of 
Chauvinism,"  by  Robert  Piloty. 

The  Heidelberg  meeting  of  last  year,  at  which  the  writer  was  present,  made 
a  strong  impression,  and  undoubtedly  showed  that  future  policies  will  proceed 
along  the  lines  of  these  thoughts.  The  Verhand  is  to  hold  another  session  at 
Nuremberg  in  the  course  of  the  present  year.  The  subjects  for  discussion  at  this 
meeting  have  been  selected  with  special  reference  to  the  activities  of  economic 
circles,  in  order  that  these  may  realize  that  international  conciliation  represents 
their  real  interests.  A  careful  report  of  the  activities  of  this  congress  will  be 
made  during  the  coming  year. 

The  Internationale  Monatsschrift,  which,  as  already  stated,  is  the  real 
scientific  mouthpiece  of  international  interests,  founded  by  Friedrich  Althofif, 
published  by  Professor  Max  Cornicelius  and  edited  by  Professor  Wilhelm 
Paszkowski,  has  brought  together  in  its  columns  during  the  past  year  the  most 
-eminent  representatives  in  these  fields.  Apart  from  the  more  important  scientific 
articles  from  scholars  of  all  lands,  it  has  essentially  enlarged  its  section  of  "gen- 
eral news  and  correspondence,"  dealing  with  reports  concerning  the  present 
status  of  general  science  in  the  various  countries.  There  are,  for  instance, 
reports  regarding  the  present  status  of  botany  in  England;  reports  dealing  with 
electric  main  railroads  in  Germany;  reports  concerning  the  progress  of  wireless 
telephony ;  of  zoological  research ;  the  organization  of  studies  in  the  English 
realm ;  the  economic  conditions  in  Haiti ;  the  Russian  art  collections ;  the  most 
important  physical  achievements  during  1912;  prehistoric  researches  in  central 
Greece;  physical  sciences  in  Great  Britain;  phases  of  international  conciliation 
(by  Robert  Piloty);  the  Union  of  the  American  Republics;  modern  sanitary 
measures  in  Germany;  free  development  of  American  science;  progress  of 
philosophy  in  France;  English  parliamentary  problems;  the  results  of  Polar  ex- 
peditions during  recent  years,  etc. 

The  initiative  taken  by  the  President  of  Columbia  University,  Dr.  Nicholas 
Murray  Butler,  for  unifying  the  information  bureaus  in  Berlin,  Leipzig,  Paris, 
and  New  York,  has  led  to  an  extended  correspondence  between  these  places, 
and  to  a  larger  use  of  the  scientific  institutions  of  the  respective  countries. 

The  International  Student  associations  have  also  taken  firmer  root  in  Ger- 
many during  the  last  year.     There  are  at  present  International  Student  asso- 

10 


-ciations  in  Berlin,  Leipzig,  Gottingen,  and  Heidelberg,  which  have  constituted 
themselves  into  one  large  organization,  and  have  connected  themselves  with  the 
Corda  Fratres,  and  with  the  International  Confederation  of  Students.  Upon  their 
initiative  there  is  to  take  place  in  the  fall  of  the  present  year  the  Eighth  Inter- 
national Student  Congress,  in  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  U.  S.  A.  The  problems  to  which 
this  organization  gives  its  attention  deal  especially  with  ideals  of  instruction  and 
education,  study  of  foreign  countries,  moral  problems,  religious  problems,  phys- 
ical development,  hygienic  problems,  and  the  founding  of  student  homes.  Con- 
gresses organized  by  students  of  all  lands  will  certainly  contribute  their  share  to 
promote  friendly  relations  between  the  academic  citizens  of  the  whole  world. 
They  form  an  important  link  in  the  great  chain  of  efforts  to  bring  about  cordial 
understanding  between  the  peoples  of  the  earth. 

In  conclusion,  I  report  that  the  Deutsche  Institut  fur  Ausl'dnder  {Bottinger- 
Studienhaus  in  Berlin)  has  attracted  during  the  past  year  approximately  400 
students  belonging  to  different  nations,  who  in  their  intercourse  with  Germans 
have  learned  the  German  language  and  much  of  the  history  of  German  intel- 
lectual life. 

WiLHELM    PaSZKOWSKI. 

September  30,  1913. 


11 


14  DAY  USE 

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LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

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